Properties, testing methods, and repair techniques of refractory materials
2025-02-27
When considering refractory materials as solid materials, their material properties can be broadly classified into physical and chemical properties. In reality, the various properties of refractory materials are not simple; therefore, a classification method based on basic (group) and application (group) properties is more practical.
As the words suggest, basic properties are the fundamental material characteristics of refractory materials. These properties are independent of the shape or use of the refractory material. For example, the density of the structure, structural components, high-temperature strength, thermal conductivity, etc.
| Table 1-6 Main Quality Characteristics of Refractory Materials | |
| Classification | Specific Examples of Characteristics |
| Basic Properties |
Chemical composition, mineral composition Density, porosity, air permeability (particle size distribution) Compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity Refractoriness, load softening temperature, hot bending strength Thermal conductivity, temperature conductivity, linear expansion coefficient Electrical conductivity |
| Application Properties |
Slag resistance, molten steel resistance CO resistance, oxidation resistance, hydration resistance Wear resistance Thermal shock resistance (drying resistance) Long-term creep resistance (Construction properties) |
For products belonging to basic properties, most of the testing methods for refractory materials have been standardized and specified. For finished products with high frequency of use of application properties, they are made universal in a standardized or similar form. The testing methods for refractory materials have changed with the development of the times, as discussed in the text, which is also of great significance to the history of technological development.
The currently used testing methods for refractory materials are roughly divided into the following points:
(1) Tests for production management and quality management during the manufacturing process (including raw material analysis, defect inspection, etc.).
(2) Tests of the basic properties and application properties of finished products.
(3) Simulation model tests (Simulate test) of finished products.
(4) Tests using finished products in actual furnaces.
Regarding the quality specifications of refractory materials, governments and private organizations in various countries have already undertaken the work of formulating and revising them, and this aspect will be discussed. Recently, the integration of international standards ISO for refractory materials and quality specifications is a great opportunity.
Furnace body design and construction and repair of refractory materials
Refractory materials are used in furnaces (or other various high-temperature processing equipment). The order of use is that furnace design comes first. This process determines the types, shapes, and sizes of refractory materials that must be used. The basic conditions of the construction method are also largely determined during the design phase. It is generally believed that the design phase determines more than half of the effect of refractory material use. However, it is affected by the construction conditions and furnace operating conditions (use conditions), especially when the furnace operating conditions and the initial design assumptions are very different, the greater the difference, the greater the impact.
The construction and repair of refractory materials (furnace building, furnace repair) operations were previously carried out in a high-temperature, dusty working environment. However, with the advancement of mechanized operations, the working environment has been greatly improved. In particular, the increased use of unshaped refractory materials has greatly promoted the mechanization of construction and repair operations.
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